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“Heart Attack”

Definition:

Often a blood clot in coronary arteries result in blockage of blood supply to heart muscles leading to a medical emergency called heart attack.

Different terms utilized for a heart attack incorporate myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis. An infarction is a localized necrosis in which a tissue dies due to the reduced blood supply.

Risk Factors and Causes:

• Age: Heart attacks are more probable when a man is more than 45, and when a woman is more than 55.
• Angina: Absence of oxygen or blood supply to the heart causes chest pain.
• High cholesterol levels: These can build the possibility of thrombosis.
• Diabetes: This can build heart attack chance.
• Diet: For instance, eating large amounts of saturated fats is a risk factor.
• Genetics: Positive family history places a person at risk of heart attack.
• Heart surgery: This can prompt a heart attack later on.
• Hypertension: Unnecessary stress is put on heart by the high blood pressure.
• Obesity: Being too overweight is related to increased atherosclerosis and hence heart attack.
• Previous heart attack.
• Smoking: Smokers are at considerably higher risk than non-smokers.
• HIV: People who have HIV infection are at 50 percent higher risk.
• Work Load: Those who are laborers or have stressful occupations can confront a higher heart attack chance.

Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for heart attack, and the physical activity helps prevent heart issues.

Often, when it happens, a heart assault is caused by a blend of variables, as opposed to a solitary one.

Symptoms:

Heart attack has clear symptoms that should be given immediate attention.

A squeezing chest pain, tightness, and pressure in the thoracic region or a dull pain in the chest that radiates towards the neck, jaw and left shoulder suggest that one is having heart attack.

Heart Attack: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Other associated clinical features are given as follow:

• coughing
• Dyspnea (Shortness of breath)
• Nausea
• vomiting
• squeezing chest pain
• Confusion
• excessive sweating and feeling clammy
• restlessness

Changing position has no effect on alleviation of pain. The pain is typically constant.

Warning signs:

Four signs of an attack recorded by the American Heart Association (AHA). These include:

• Discomfort, squeezing or soreness in the chest that keeps going a few minutes or resolves and then recurs
• Dull pain in the arms, neck, back, stomach, or jaw
• Sudden dyspnea

When these symptoms are felt, a person should reach out emergency services.

Diagnosis:

It is diagnosed after conducting the following tests:

• ECG or electrocardiograph
• cardiac enzyme tests
• chest X-ray

Complications:

Complications are of two types, i-e immediate and late complications.

Immediate Complications:

• Arrhythmias: the heart pulsates unpredictably, either too quick or too gradually.
• Cardiogenic shock: blood pressure drops all of a sudden and the heart is not able to supply the other bodily organs.
• Hypoxemia: blood oxygen concentration becomes too low.
• Pulmonary edema: liquid collects in the lungs.
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): the profound veins of the legs and pelvis are clogged by blood clots that interfere with the flow of blood in veins.
• Myocardial rupture: the wall of heart is damaged that increases the risk of rupture.
• Ventricular aneurysm: ventricle is a heart chamber that bulges out in aneurysm.

Late Complications:

• Aneurysm: scar develops on the damaged heart tissue prompting thrombosis, hypotension, and arrhythmias.
• Angina: insufficient oxygen supply to heart causes chest pain.
• Congestive heart failure: the heart can just pulsate weakly, leaving a man feeling depleted and short of breath.
• Edema: fluid aggregates in the ankles and legs, making them swell.
• Erectile dysfunction: it is by and large caused by a vascular issue. However, depression can also be the reason.
• Loss of libido: lost sexual drive can happen, particularly in men.
• Pericarditis: there is chest pain due to inflammation of the lining of heart.

Management during Heart Attack:

Occasionally a person stops breathing during heart attack.  For this situation, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, ought to be begun quickly. This procedure includes:

• Manual chest compression
• Defibrillation

Treatment following Heart Attack:

The vast majority will require a few sorts of prescriptions or medications after a heart attack. The point of these measures is to avoid future heart attacks. They may include:

• Aspirin and different antiplatelet
• Beta-blockers
• ACE (angiotensin-converting enzymes) inhibitors
• Statins
• Angioplasty
• CABG or coronary artery bypass graft

Prevention:

A healthy lifestyle is the key to prevent heart issues. Measures for the healthy lifestyle include:

• No smoking
• balance diet and healthy eating habits
• Exercise
• Adequate sleep at night
• keeping diabetes under control
• avoid drinking alcohol
• maintaining blood cholesterol at ideal levels
• keeping blood pressure within limits
• maintaining an ideal body weight
• avoiding stress
• learning how to oversee stress

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